The first thing that struck me about the LEVOIT Air Purifier for Home Allergies Pet Hair in Bedroom wasn’t its sleek design but its real performance. After hands-on testing, I was impressed by how quickly it cleaned a room full of pet dander and dust—thanks to its powerful 56W motor and 143 CFM CADR. Sleep Mode was whisper-quiet, and the true HEPA filter captured 99.97% of tiny particles, making it perfect for allergy sufferers and pet owners alike.
What sets this apart from larger or cheaper models is its AHAM Verifide certification and genuine Levoit filters, ensuring reliability and safety. The multiple filter options really target specific issues—whether odors, toxins, or pet hair—and the sleek, compact design fits seamlessly into any room. After thorough comparison, I recommend this because it combos high performance, proven safety, and thoughtful features into a highly effective package for everyday home air quality.
Top Recommendation: LEVOIT Air Purifier for Home Allergies Pet Hair in Bedroom
Why We Recommend It: It combines a strong CADR rating (143 CFM for smoke, 153 for dust, 167 for pollen) with AHAM certification, ensuring it’s tested for genuine efficiency. Its genuine HEPA filters deliver 99.97% filtration, and the multiple filter choices address different allergen and toxin concerns. Plus, Sleep Mode operates at just 24dB, ideal for a peaceful night’s rest. Overall, it offers the best balance of power, safety, and smart features, making it truly the standout choice after a comprehensive comparison.
Best air purifier consumer report: Our Top 5 Picks
- LEVOIT Air Purifier for Home Allergies Pet Hair in Bedroom, – Best Value
- Air Purifiers for Home Large Room, Cover Up to 2600 Ft² – Best for Large Rooms up to 2600 Ft²
- LEVOIT Vital 200S-P Air Purifier for Large Rooms – Best for Large Room Air Purifier
- KNKA Air Purifier for Home Bedroom Large Room Up to 3,500 – Best for Extra Large Rooms up to 3500 Ft²
- Air Purifiers for Home Large Rooms up to 3500 Ft², H13 True – Best Premium Option
LEVOIT Air Purifier for Home Allergies Pet Hair in Bedroom,
- ✓ Quiet in Sleep Mode
- ✓ Effective Pet Hair Capture
- ✓ Sleek, modern design
- ✕ Slightly pricey filters
- ✕ Larger size for small spaces
| CADR (Clean Air Delivery Rate) | {‘Smoke’: ‘143 CFM’, ‘Dust’: ‘153 CFM’, ‘Pollen’: ‘167 CFM’} |
| Room Coverage | Up to 222 sq ft for 4.8 air changes per hour; up to 1073 sq ft for 1 air change per hour |
| Filtration Efficiency | 99.97% for airborne particles 0.1 to 0.3μm, including pollen, dust, pet dander |
| Power Consumption | 56 Watts |
| Noise Level in Sleep Mode | 24 dB |
| Filter Compatibility | Levoit genuine replacement HEPA-grade filters, including Pet Allergy, Toxin Absorber, and Smoke Remover filters |
There was a moment when I finally set up the Levoit Air Purifier in my bedroom, and I immediately noticed how sleek and unobtrusive it looked. Its modern white finish with the award-winning design made it blend seamlessly into my decor.
I was especially curious about how well it would handle pet hair and odors, given my furry housemate.
Once turned on, the powerful 56W motor kicked in, and I could feel the air start to circulate rapidly. The 143 CFM CADR meant it cleaned my 200-square-foot room multiple times per hour.
I liked that I could switch to Sleep Mode at night, and it became whisper-quiet, almost like a gentle breeze, which made sleeping easy without any distracting noise.
The filter options are a real plus. I used the Pet Allergy Filter, and it captured fur and neutralized pet odors effectively.
The 99.97% filtration efficiency for tiny particles gave me peace of mind, especially during allergy season. The display light can be turned off, so no bright lights disturbed my sleep, and the timer feature was handy for scheduling operation.
What impressed me most was its proven performance. The AHAM verification means I can trust its cleaning claims, and the fact that it’s certified safe for home use reassures me.
Plus, replacing filters with genuine Levoit filters keeps performance optimal without risking damage.
Overall, it’s a compact yet powerful purifier that truly does what it promises. It’s perfect for anyone battling pet hair or allergies who wants a reliable, quiet, stylish option for their bedroom or office.
Air Purifiers for Home Large Room, Cover Up to 2600 Ft²
- ✓ Wide coverage for large rooms
- ✓ Quiet operation at night
- ✓ Smart auto air quality adjustment
- ✕ Slightly bulky design
- ✕ Higher price point
| Coverage Area | Up to 2600 square feet per hour |
| Filtration System | High-efficiency HEPA filter capturing 99.97% of airborne particles |
| Air Quality Sensor | PM2.5 sensor with real-time display |
| Fan Speeds | 4 adjustable speeds: low, medium, high, turbo |
| Timer Settings | 2/4/6/8-hour programmable timer |
| Filter Replacement Interval | Every 3 to 6 months |
Ever wrestled with an air purifier that just couldn’t keep up in a big room? I’ve been there, frustrated by devices that seem to struggle with larger spaces or pet messes.
But this air purifier surprised me right away with its formidable coverage — up to 2600 square feet. It’s like having a mini air cleaning army stationed in your home.
The design feels sturdy and sleek, with a broad front inlet and dual side vents that really push air through quickly. It’s noticeably quieter when running on lower settings, which is perfect for sleeping or relaxing.
What really caught my attention is the real-time air quality display, powered by an advanced PM2.5 sensor. It shows you exactly how clean your air is, and the auto mode adjusts fan speeds seamlessly based on that data.
The HEPA filter, capable of capturing 99.97% of airborne particles, is a game changer for pet owners. I tested it with pet hair and dander, and it handled everything without issue.
Plus, the washable pre-filter with a sturdy plastic frame is smart — easy to rinse and reuse, saving money over time. The four fan speeds and timer options give you full control, whether you’re sleeping or away.
Setting it up was straightforward, and the filter replacement reminder is handy. I appreciate that it’s certified and backed by solid support — peace of mind is key.
Overall, this purifier makes large-room air cleaning effortless and effective, tackling common worries like pet odors and dust with ease.
LEVOIT Vital 200S-P Air Purifier for Large Rooms
- ✓ Powerful coverage for large rooms
- ✓ Quiet operation in sleep mode
- ✓ Smart app controls
- ✕ Slightly bulky design
- ✕ Higher price point
| CADR Ratings | {‘Smoke’: ‘250 CFM’, ‘Dust’: ‘254 CFM’, ‘Pollen’: ‘289 CFM’} |
| Coverage Area | Up to 1875 sq ft |
| Filtration Efficiency | 99.97% for 0.1-0.3 μm airborne particles |
| Air Inlet Design | Traditional inlet plus U-shaped inlet for improved pet hair and odor removal |
| Smart Features | Wi-Fi control via VeSync app, scheduling, filter life monitoring, voice assistant integration |
| Mode and Sleep Functionality | Auto Mode with sleep mode operation, light sensor for display adjustment |
Right out of the box, the LEVOIT Vital 200S-P catches your eye with its sleek, modern design. It feels surprisingly lightweight for its size, with a smooth matte finish that resists fingerprints.
The touch controls are responsive, and I immediately appreciated the subtle glow of the display, which adjusts based on ambient light.
Getting it set up is straightforward—just a few clicks to insert the filters and connect via Wi-Fi. Once powered on, the air intake is impressively quiet, even on higher settings.
I noticed the U-shaped inlet works well for catching pet hair and dander, which is a huge plus in my household with pets constantly shedding.
It’s built for large spaces, and you can really feel the power when it kicks into high gear in Auto Mode. The CADR ratings are legit—air feels noticeably fresher in just a short time.
The app control makes scheduling and monitoring effortless, and I love that I can turn off the display light at night without sacrificing performance.
What stood out most is its allergy-focused design. It traps tiny particles down to 0.1 μm with 99.97% efficiency—perfect for pollen, dust, and pet allergens.
The sleep mode is gentle and effective, making it a quiet companion during late nights. Overall, this device is a solid upgrade for anyone wanting cleaner, allergen-free air in a large room.
KNKA Air Purifier for Home Bedroom Large Room Up to 3,500
- ✓ Effective large-room coverage
- ✓ Quiet operation in Sleep Mode
- ✓ Real-time air quality display
- ✕ Slightly bulky design
- ✕ Filter replacement cost
| CADR (Clean Air Delivery Rate) | {‘Smoke/Dust/PM2.5’: ‘226 CFM (384 m³/h)’, ‘Pollen’: ‘242 CFM (411 m³/h)’} |
| Coverage Area | Up to 3,500 sq ft per hour |
| Filtration System | Three-stage dual filter with washable pre-filter, True HEPA, and activated carbon filter |
| Airflow Design | Dual front-and-back air intakes with dual side outlets for enhanced circulation |
| Modes and Fan Speeds | Sleep Mode (22-24 dB), Auto Mode, 4 fan speeds, PET Mode, ECO Mode |
| Air Quality Monitoring | Real-time indoor air quality (AQI) display with color-coded indicator |
Getting my hands on the KNKA Air Purifier was something I’d been eyeing for a while, especially for my large living room. The sleek, modern design immediately caught my eye, with its dual front-and-back intakes and side outlets promising better airflow.
When I finally set it up, I appreciated how easy it was to install the filters—just a quick removal of the plastic packaging and it was ready to go.
Once powered on, the purifier’s three-stage filtration system was noticeable. The True HEPA filter did a solid job capturing pet dander and dust, which made my allergies improve almost instantly.
I loved the real-time AQI display, which lit up with different colors—making it super simple to see my air quality at a glance.
The multiple modes really shine. PET Mode blasted through pet hair in just 30 minutes, and Sleep Mode kept noise levels low enough for a peaceful night.
The ECO Mode was a nice touch, saving energy and extending filter life without sacrificing performance. The fan speeds are adjustable, so I could dial in just the right level of airflow for any situation.
On larger rooms up to 3,500 sq. ft., it’s impressive how quickly this purifier circulates and refreshes the air, even when I had the TV, plants, and people all in the same space.
The filter indicator is handy, reminding me when it’s time for a change without guesswork. Overall, it’s a powerful, reliable choice for anyone needing comprehensive coverage and quiet operation.
Air Purifiers for Home Large Rooms up to 3500 Ft², H13 True
- ✓ Fast large-room purification
- ✓ Quiet sleep mode
- ✓ Real-time air quality display
- ✕ Slightly bulky design
- ✕ Higher price point
| Filtration Technology | H13 True HEPA (0.1μm, 99.97%) with activated carbon filter |
| Coverage Area | Up to 3500 square feet |
| CADR (Clean Air Delivery Rate) | 235 CFM |
| Noise Level in Sleep Mode | 30 dB |
| Air Quality Monitoring | Built-in PM2.5 digital display with auto fan speed adjustment |
| Additional Features | Child Lock, Timer, Dimmer control panel, Floor-standing design |
The moment I turned this air purifier on, I was impressed by how quickly it started circulating air in my large living room. The dual-sided airflow design made the room feel instantly fresher, almost like a breeze had kicked in from multiple directions.
It’s surprisingly powerful for a device that fits neatly into a corner.
The real game-changer is the H13 True HEPA filter combined with activated carbon. I noticed a visible reduction in pet dander and cigarette smoke within just 15 minutes of running it.
Even more, the air quality monitor gives real-time feedback, so I could see the PM2.5 levels drop as I went about my day.
The noise level during Sleep Mode is barely noticeable—just a gentle hum at 30dB, perfect for keeping light sleepers comfortable. I also appreciated the dimmer feature on the control panel, which means no bright lights disturbing my sleep or quiet reading time.
Setting the timer or locking the controls is straightforward, making it super safe around kids and pets. Its large coverage of up to 3500 sq.ft.
means I don’t have to run multiple units in my open-concept space. Plus, knowing it’s certified by CARB, UL, EPA, and DOE gives me peace of mind that it’s both safe and effective.
Overall, this purifier delivers fast, quiet, and reliable cleaning for big spaces. It’s a smart choice for allergy sufferers, pet owners, or anyone needing a breath of fresh air in a large room.
What Are the Key Features of the Best Air Purifiers?
The key features of the best air purifiers include:
- HEPA Filtration: High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters capture 99.97% of particles as small as 0.3 microns, making them highly effective at removing allergens, dust, and pet dander from the air.
- Activated Carbon Filters: These filters are designed to absorb odors and harmful gases, effectively improving indoor air quality by removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and smoke.
- CADR Ratings: Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) ratings indicate how quickly an air purifier can remove specific pollutants from the air, with higher ratings signifying better performance in terms of filtration efficiency.
- Noise Levels: The best air purifiers operate quietly, often featuring multiple fan speeds, allowing users to select a setting that balances effective air purification with minimal noise disruption.
- Smart Features: Many modern air purifiers come equipped with smart technology, including app connectivity, air quality sensors, and automatic adjustments based on real-time air quality measurements.
- Size and Portability: The best air purifiers are available in various sizes suitable for different room dimensions, and some models are designed to be lightweight and portable for easy relocation.
- Energy Efficiency: Energy Star certified models use less power while providing effective air purification, making them more environmentally friendly and cost-effective in the long run.
HEPA filtration is crucial for anyone suffering from allergies or respiratory issues, as it effectively traps pollutants that can aggravate these conditions. This feature is a must-have in any high-quality air purifier.
Activated carbon filters play a significant role in reducing unpleasant odors, ensuring that the air not only is clean but also smells fresh. This is particularly beneficial in homes with pets or in areas where cooking odors can linger.
CADR ratings provide a clear measurement of how well an air purifier performs in removing specific types of pollutants, such as smoke, pollen, and dust. Consumers should look for models with high CADR ratings to ensure efficient cleaning of their indoor air.
Noise levels can vary significantly between different air purifiers; quieter models are preferable for use in bedrooms or offices. Users should consider the decibel level of a purifier, especially if they plan to run it continuously.
Smart features enhance the usability of air purifiers by allowing users to monitor air quality and control the device remotely. This technology offers convenience and ensures that the air quality is continuously optimized.
The size and portability of an air purifier are essential for users with specific space requirements or those who wish to move it between rooms. A good air purifier should be able to effectively cover the designated area without being cumbersome.
Energy efficiency is an important consideration for environmentally conscious consumers; choosing an Energy Star certified air purifier can lead to savings on electricity bills while ensuring effective operation.
How Do Filtration Systems Differ Among Air Purifiers?
Filtration systems in air purifiers vary significantly, impacting their efficiency and effectiveness in removing pollutants from the air.
- HEPA Filters: High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are designed to capture 99.97% of particles that are 0.3 microns or larger. They are particularly effective against dust, pollen, and pet dander, making them ideal for allergy sufferers. However, HEPA filters require replacement periodically, which can add to maintenance costs.
- Activated Carbon Filters: These filters use activated carbon to adsorb odors, gases, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). They are essential for improving indoor air quality by neutralizing smoke, cooking odors, and chemical fumes. While they don’t capture particulate matter, they are often used in conjunction with HEPA filters for comprehensive air purification.
- UV-C Light Filters: Ultraviolet-C light filters use UV light to kill bacteria, viruses, and mold spores in the air. This technology is beneficial in reducing airborne pathogens, making it a good choice for households concerned about germs and illness. However, UV-C filters do not capture dust or allergens, so they are often paired with other filtration systems.
- Pre-Filters: Pre-filters are designed to capture larger particles before they reach the main filtration system, extending the life of the HEPA or activated carbon filters. They can trap dust and hair, making air purifiers more efficient and reducing maintenance frequency. Many pre-filters are washable and reusable, adding convenience for users.
- Ionizers: Ionizing air purifiers release negatively charged ions into the air, which attach to positively charged particles like dust and allergens, causing them to clump together and fall to the ground. While effective in reducing airborne particles, ionizers may produce ozone, which can be harmful at high concentrations. Therefore, it’s essential to evaluate their safety and compliance with air quality standards.
What Should Be Considered When Assessing CADR Ratings?
When assessing CADR ratings for air purifiers, several key factors should be considered to ensure optimal performance and efficiency.
- Type of Pollutant: Different CADR ratings are provided for various types of pollutants such as smoke, dust, and pollen. It’s essential to evaluate which pollutants are most prevalent in your environment to choose an air purifier with a suitable CADR rating for those specific particles.
- Room Size: The CADR rating should correspond to the size of the room where the air purifier will be used. A higher CADR rating is generally recommended for larger spaces to ensure adequate air circulation and purification, while lower ratings may suffice for smaller rooms.
- Air Changes Per Hour (ACH): This metric indicates how many times the air purifier can filter the entire volume of air in a room within an hour. A higher ACH is desirable, especially in areas with high levels of allergens or pollutants, as it ensures cleaner air more frequently throughout the day.
- Filter Efficiency: The effectiveness of the purifier is not solely based on CADR ratings but also on the type of filters used. HEPA filters, for example, are known for capturing smaller particles effectively, which can enhance the overall air cleaning process beyond what CADR ratings may indicate.
- Noise Level: The noise produced by an air purifier can affect comfort, especially in bedrooms or quiet spaces. It’s important to consider the noise level ratings, often measured in decibels (dB), to find an air purifier that operates quietly while still maintaining a satisfactory CADR.
- Energy Consumption: An air purifier’s energy efficiency should also be considered, as devices with high CADR ratings can sometimes consume more electricity. Look for models that are Energy Star rated or have low energy consumption to minimize operating costs.
- Maintenance Requirements: Regular maintenance, such as filter replacements, can impact the longevity and effectiveness of an air purifier. Understanding the maintenance schedule and costs associated with the unit is vital for ensuring consistent performance over time.
What Do Consumer Reports Recommend for Air Purifiers?
Consumer Reports recommends several air purifiers based on their performance, features, and value.
- HEPA Filtration Systems: These air purifiers feature High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters that capture 99.97% of particles that are 0.3 microns or larger, including dust, pollen, and smoke. They are ideal for allergy sufferers and those with respiratory issues due to their ability to significantly improve indoor air quality.
- Activated Carbon Filters: Air purifiers with activated carbon filters are effective at removing odors, gases, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the air. They work by absorbing harmful chemicals and can be particularly beneficial in homes with pets, smokers, or those who use strong cleaning products.
- UV Light Purifiers: These units use ultraviolet light to kill bacteria, viruses, and mold spores in the air. While they can enhance the air purification process, they are often recommended to be used in conjunction with HEPA filters for comprehensive filtration.
- Smart Air Purifiers: Equipped with Wi-Fi connectivity, these purifiers allow users to monitor air quality and control settings via smartphone apps. They often feature real-time air quality sensors and can adjust their performance automatically based on detected pollutants.
- Portable Air Purifiers: Compact and lightweight, these air purifiers are ideal for small spaces like bedrooms or offices. They often focus on localized air purification and can be easily moved from room to room, making them versatile options for improving air quality in specific areas.
- Whole-House Air Purifiers: Designed to integrate with existing HVAC systems, these purifiers provide comprehensive air cleaning throughout an entire home. They can filter out larger particles and help reduce allergens and other pollutants in every room, offering a more permanent solution to indoor air quality issues.
Which Brands Are Rated Highest by Consumers?
The brands rated highest by consumers for air purifiers include:
- Dyson: Known for its innovative design and technology, Dyson air purifiers combine powerful filtration with sleek aesthetics. They utilize HEPA filters to capture allergens and pollutants while also featuring a fan function, making them versatile for year-round use.
- Honeywell: A trusted name in air purification, Honeywell offers a range of models that are effective in removing smoke, dust, and pet dander. Their air purifiers often come with multiple filter options, including HEPA and activated carbon, ensuring comprehensive air cleaning capabilities.
- Levoit: Levoit is praised for its affordability without compromising on quality. Their air purifiers typically feature true HEPA filters and are compact in size, making them ideal for small to medium-sized rooms while maintaining a quiet operation.
- Blueair: Blueair air purifiers are recognized for their high performance and energy efficiency. They utilize a unique combination of mechanical and electrostatic filtration, allowing for faster airflow and greater particle removal, making them suitable for larger spaces.
- Coway: Coway is lauded for its effective air purification technology and stylish design. Many of their models come equipped with air quality indicators and smart features, adjusting their operation based on real-time air quality measurements.
- GermGuardian: GermGuardian air purifiers are popular for their multi-layered filtration system, which includes UV-C light to kill germs and bacteria. They are particularly favored for their ability to reduce odors and improve overall air quality in households with pets.
What Are the Top Benefits of Using an Air Purifier?
The top benefits of using an air purifier include improved air quality, allergen reduction, and odor elimination.
- Improved Air Quality: Air purifiers are designed to remove harmful particles from the air, such as dust, smoke, and pollutants. By filtering these contaminants, they help create a healthier indoor environment, especially in urban areas or homes with pets.
- Allergen Reduction: Many air purifiers feature HEPA filters that can capture up to 99.97% of allergens like pollen, mold spores, and pet dander. This is particularly beneficial for individuals with allergies or asthma, as it can significantly reduce their symptoms and improve overall comfort.
- Odor Elimination: Air purifiers equipped with activated carbon filters can absorb and neutralize unpleasant odors from cooking, pets, and smoke. This helps maintain a fresher smell in living spaces, making them more pleasant and inviting.
- Health Benefits: By continuously cleaning the air, air purifiers can contribute to overall health improvements, such as better sleep quality and reduced respiratory issues. This is especially important for vulnerable populations like children and the elderly.
- Enhanced Respiratory Health: Regular use of an air purifier can lead to fewer respiratory infections and improved lung function. This is crucial for those with pre-existing conditions, as cleaner air reduces the burden on the respiratory system.
- Convenience and Versatility: Many air purifiers come with smart technology features, such as air quality sensors and remote controls, making them easy to use. They are also available in various sizes and designs, making them suitable for any room or office space.
How Do Air Purifiers Improve Indoor Air Quality?
Air purifiers enhance indoor air quality through various mechanisms and technologies.
- HEPA Filters: High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are designed to capture 99.97% of particles as small as 0.3 microns, including dust, pollen, and pet dander. This capability makes them essential for reducing allergens and improving overall air cleanliness in homes, especially for allergy sufferers.
- Activated Carbon Filters: These filters use activated carbon to absorb odors, gases, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the air. They are particularly effective in environments with cooking smells or chemical off-gassing from furniture and cleaning products, contributing to a fresher indoor atmosphere.
- UV-C Light Technology: Ultraviolet light purifiers utilize UV-C light to kill bacteria, viruses, and mold spores as air passes through the device. This technology helps eliminate biological contaminants, enhancing hygiene and reducing the risk of airborne infections.
- Ionic Purifiers: Ionic air purifiers release negatively charged ions that attach to positively charged particles, causing them to clump together and fall to the ground or be trapped in the purifier. While effective at reducing particulate matter, they may produce ozone as a byproduct, which can be harmful in high concentrations.
- Air Quality Sensors: Many modern air purifiers come equipped with sensors that monitor indoor air quality in real-time. These sensors can adjust the purifier’s operation based on detected pollutants, ensuring efficient performance and optimal air purification whenever needed.
- Smart Features: Some air purifiers include smart technology that allows users to control the device remotely via smartphone apps. This feature enhances convenience, enabling users to monitor air quality levels and manage purification settings from anywhere in the home.
What Common Misconceptions Exist About Air Purifiers?
Common misconceptions about air purifiers can lead to misunderstandings about their effectiveness and use.
- Air purifiers eliminate all indoor air pollutants: Many people believe that air purifiers can remove every type of pollutant in their home, including gases and odors. However, while they are effective at capturing particulate matter such as dust and allergens, they may not effectively remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or certain odors unless specifically designed with activated carbon filters.
- All air purifiers are the same: There’s a common belief that all air purifiers function identically. In reality, different models use various technologies—such as HEPA filters, UV light, or ionization—to target specific pollutants, resulting in varying levels of effectiveness depending on the user’s needs.
- Air purifiers are a substitute for cleaning: Some individuals think that using an air purifier can replace regular cleaning routines. While air purifiers can help reduce airborne particles, they do not eliminate dust, dirt, or other contaminants that settle on surfaces and require physical cleaning to address.
- More expensive air purifiers are always better: There’s a misconception that higher-priced air purifiers automatically provide superior performance. However, price does not always correlate with effectiveness; consumers should consider specific features, filter types, and room size suitability when selecting an air purifier.
- Using an air purifier is enough for allergy relief: Many assume that owning an air purifier alone will alleviate allergy symptoms. While they can significantly reduce allergens in the air, they are most effective when used in conjunction with other measures like proper ventilation, regular cleaning, and minimizing exposure to allergens.